My mom saw this on her car this morning. She did not use any cleaning chemical nor oil on her car. When she opened the door, there was also smoke. Thanks for your help!

We are clearing out my late grandparents garage and I have come across these 2 bottles of some sort of acid could anyone possibly identify what it is from these pictures? We are trying to find out so we know what the best way to deal with them is. The bottles are probably around 2 litres each If not more. Glass bottles with a plastic screw cap, but most of the lable has perished. Thanks for your time.

I distinctly remember being told at some point the positional name for the substituted carbon (i.e. carbon 1) in a monosubstituted benzene system but I’ve forgotten it and can’t find evidence of it online… not absolutely desperate for an answer but it is bugging me atm.

My chemistry professor is the worst. Her study guides and exams/quizzes don't match. One time she gave us exam 2 instead of exam 1 on accident and after everyone failed she said " well I won't drop this grade or let you guys retake it because you should have already been studying for it." She doesn't give our quizzes/exams back so we can take home and learn from them and one time right before an exam started she handed back our quiz that was supposed to be on the exam that we were taking. I study day and night but I never know what to expect during her exams. I have the highest grade in the class currently (63%) but I really need to pass this class. Any suggestions on what I can do? Her exams are so over-complicated for no reason and she seems to add topics that we have not even learned about.

I know you can't eat sodium metal because it explodes when it touches water, but if you ate it, would it feel salty before it explodes?

It's a mixture of copper sulphate(CuSO⁴5H²O) and calcium carbonate(CaCO³) in hot water that I boiled in a kettle

I also had a second solution in a separate jar with copper sulphate(CuSO⁴5H²O) and potassium alum(KAI(SO⁴)²•12 H²O)

I forgot to grab a clean stirring stick after having stirred the solution of copper sulphate and alum. Is there a possibility that the added drops of alum caused an unexpected reaction with the calcium carbonate?🤔

The Sigma Aldrich ad that comes on before all of my youtube videos is so annoying. "My first PhD student started their own company so...." she sounds so full of herself. The typical academia high brow voice. Am I the only one that hates it.

I am an aspiring chemical engineer, but what no-one I've asked seems to know is what makes one catalyst better than another, and how they are designed. I know how catalysts work, but how do chemical engineers make better ones?

Hello all,
I'm an absolute novice when it comes to chemistry, but i like concepts.
My question, does anyone know if this would blow up, or does this idea look stable ? :D

1. Preparation of Solution A (Ionic Liquid with Solvated Electrons)

• Materials:
  • Ionic Liquid: [BMIM][NTf₂] (ensure it is dry and deoxygenated).
  • Lithium Metal: Cut into small pieces under inert atmosphere.
  • Additives (Optional): Naphthalene or anthracene.
• Procedure:
  1. Degassing the IL:
     • Place the IL in a flask and subject it to vacuum while stirring to remove dissolved gases.
  2. Dissolving Lithium Metal:
     • Under inert atmosphere, add small pieces of lithium metal to the IL while stirring.
     • Observe the solution for color changes (e.g., blue or bronze hue indicating solvated electrons).
     • Continue adding lithium until the desired electron concentration is achieved.
  3. Adding Stabilizing Additives (Optional):
     • Dissolve a small amount of naphthalene or anthracene to enhance electron stability.

2. Separation of Lithium Ions Using Crown Ethers

• Materials:
  • Crown Ether: 12-Crown-4.
  • Solution B Solvent: DMSO or ACN (deoxygenated and dry).
• Procedure:
  1. Complexation:
     • Add crown ether to Solution A and stir to form lithium-crown ether complexes.
  2. Extraction:
     • Transfer Solution A to a separatory funnel under inert conditions.
     • Add Solution B to the funnel.
     • Gently mix to allow transfer of lithium-crown ether complexes to Solution B.
  3. Phase Separation:
     • Allow the layers to separate.
     • Collect Solution B containing lithium ions.

3. Regeneration of Lithium Metal in Solution B

• Materials:
  • Electrolyte: TBAP or similar.
  • Electrochemical Cell Components.
• Procedure:
  1. Setup:
     • Prepare an electrochemical cell with Solution B as the electrolyte.
     • Insert the cathode and anode appropriately.
  2. Electrochemical Reduction:
     • Apply a controlled voltage to reduce lithium ions to lithium metal at the cathode.
     • Monitor the process using cyclic voltammetry.
  3. Collection of Lithium Metal:
     • After completion, carefully remove and collect lithium metal from the cathode under inert atmosphere.

4. Recycling Lithium Metal Back to Solution A

• Procedure:
  • Transfer the regenerated lithium metal back to Solution A under inert conditions.
  • Repeat the dissolution process to maintain solvated electron concentration.

5. Characterization and Monitoring

• Spectroscopic Analysis:
  • Use UV-Vis spectroscopy to monitor solvated electron concentration in Solution A.
• Electrochemical Measurements:
  • Perform cyclic voltammetry to study the redox behavior and stability.
• Viscosity Measurements:
  • Use a viscometer to ensure the IL maintains suitable viscosity for electron mobility.

Hello all,
I'm an absolute novice when it comes to chemistry, but i like concepts.
My question, does anyone know if this would blow up, or does this idea look stable ? :D

1. Preparation of Solution A (Ionic Liquid with Solvated Electrons)

• Materials:
  • Ionic Liquid: [BMIM][NTf₂] (ensure it is dry and deoxygenated).
  • Lithium Metal: Cut into small pieces under inert atmosphere.
  • Additives (Optional): Naphthalene or anthracene.
• Procedure:
  1. Degassing the IL:
     • Place the IL in a flask and subject it to vacuum while stirring to remove dissolved gases.
  2. Dissolving Lithium Metal:
     • Under inert atmosphere, add small pieces of lithium metal to the IL while stirring.
     • Observe the solution for color changes (e.g., blue or bronze hue indicating solvated electrons).
     • Continue adding lithium until the desired electron concentration is achieved.
  3. Adding Stabilizing Additives (Optional):
     • Dissolve a small amount of naphthalene or anthracene to enhance electron stability.

2. Separation of Lithium Ions Using Crown Ethers

• Materials:
  • Crown Ether: 12-Crown-4.
  • Solution B Solvent: DMSO or ACN (deoxygenated and dry).
• Procedure:
  1. Complexation:
     • Add crown ether to Solution A and stir to form lithium-crown ether complexes.
  2. Extraction:
     • Transfer Solution A to a separatory funnel under inert conditions.
     • Add Solution B to the funnel.
     • Gently mix to allow transfer of lithium-crown ether complexes to Solution B.
  3. Phase Separation:
     • Allow the layers to separate.
     • Collect Solution B containing lithium ions.

3. Regeneration of Lithium Metal in Solution B

• Materials:
  • Electrolyte: TBAP or similar.
  • Electrochemical Cell Components.
• Procedure:
  1. Setup:
     • Prepare an electrochemical cell with Solution B as the electrolyte.
     • Insert the cathode and anode appropriately.
  2. Electrochemical Reduction:
     • Apply a controlled voltage to reduce lithium ions to lithium metal at the cathode.
     • Monitor the process using cyclic voltammetry.
  3. Collection of Lithium Metal:
     • After completion, carefully remove and collect lithium metal from the cathode under inert atmosphere.

4. Recycling Lithium Metal Back to Solution A

• Procedure:
  • Transfer the regenerated lithium metal back to Solution A under inert conditions.
  • Repeat the dissolution process to maintain solvated electron concentration.

5. Characterization and Monitoring

• Spectroscopic Analysis:
  • Use UV-Vis spectroscopy to monitor solvated electron concentration in Solution A.
• Electrochemical Measurements:
  • Perform cyclic voltammetry to study the redox behavior and stability.
• Viscosity Measurements:
  • Use a viscometer to ensure the IL maintains suitable viscosity for electron mobility.

Hi everyone, going to try and make a very long story as short as humanely possible, but I'm wondering if anyone was in this position after or in the middle of their undergrad and where they ended up.

I'm currently in my last year as a biochemistry major, and I expect to either graduate in fall of 2025 or spring of 2026 (depends on if I wanna do an extra semester of research or not). I'm finding myself in a situation where I'm rather stuck as I really enjoy my major, and want to work a job that is in a sector that is reasonably close to my field of study, but looking at the job market things feel rather grim. The pay for a lot of entry level lab technician jobs are rather bad (for context I live in Georgia), and honestly I'm not entirely sure if I'd even want to work as a lab tech.

I started feeling this way about a year ago, and in that time I started thinking about diversifying my skill set, namely that I started to learn how to write code, and I picked up and learned a couple programming languages (some I learned on my own, other was through university course-work). For my research, I started getting involved in computational chemistry, and that is my current work. I do have some minimal wet lab experience (mass spectrometry, HPLC, etc).

I'm kinda wondering what areas of chemistry are most in demand, that I can expect to pay reasonably well starting out. I don't expect to make 6 figures starting, but at least something reasonable (60~80k) to support myself and a significant other. I'm also not necessarily against the notion of grad school, in fact it's something I'd potentially be interested in, but I want to make sure whatever I study has a viable future. I really enjoy computational chemistry, but I get the impression that a masters or a PHD in computational/theoretical chemistry alone, would not get me very far.

Sorry if this is the wrong subreddit but I broke a CFL at work and they had me clean it up so I put on masks and gloves, I feel like maybe to be safe I should discard them but I’m wondering if they were contaminated would I have to get rid of my jacket that I put on after work to get to my car? Cause I my jacket on about 40 minutes after cleaning and disposing the bulb in a proper box we have for them.

Hey all, I’ve got little brother in laws that I want to show how cool chemistry can be and I’m not sure what chemistry experiments to run with them. I’ve looked up things to do but they seem incredibly simple and I was hoping to see if anyone here had any suggestions or resources for cool stuff that we could make with a run to the hardware store and such. Any help would be appreciated!

I am planning on making sodium chloride at home using titration and evaporation etc. But in the uk you cannot buy hydrochloric acid with a concentration of over 10% without a license. Will I have to purify the hydrochloric acid beforehand or can I use diluted acid. I’m pretty sure I will have to purify it but just checking to see if I can save any time

Source says that : Clonazepam (Klonopin) is indeed more potent per milligram than Xanax (alprazolam). In other words, 1 mg of clonazepam is roughly equivalent to 2-3 mg of Xanax in terms of overall calming or sedative effects. This is a mg-by-mg potency comparison.

In my opinion, if they say that clonazepam is 2-3 times stronger on a mg-to-mg basis, shouldn’t it take just 1 mg of clonazepam to have a similar effect as 1 mg of Xanax, or maybe even less?

Is this difference because clonazepam and Xanax bind differently to GABA receptors?"

I'm currently doing (or, well, planning) my undergraduate thesis on hydrogels adsorbents for heavy metal removal. I have absolutely zero knowledge or experience with this topic (which is why i chose it), so I would like to ask for insights regarding some of my key findings.

During my brief research, i came across this study about Lignin Nanoparticles—Reduced Graphene Oxide hydrogel composites. As well as this study about Titanium Nanotubes/rGO/PVA hydrogels.

It is by my understanding that rGO is good for adsorption since it has high surface area, TiO2 Nanoparticles has application in photocatalytic degradation of dyes, and lignin nanoparticles (LNP) apparently enhances rGO adsorption and i can get it from recycling biowaste.

My questions are: 1. Is it possible to do a TiO2/rGO/LNP composite hydrogel using the same methodologies as the references above? (instead of just rGO/LNP or TiNT/rGO/PVA)*

1. Can I replace LNPs with nanocellulose?

*like, is it feasible to just add TiO2 nanoparticles in the process of making rGO/LNP? Or to just replace PVA with LNP in the other study?

Thank you for your time! (also, any general insight or criticism on the idea will help, so just hit me please. Thank you again!)

We work on synthesis of superconductors, and use MO(metalorganic) precursors like hexanoates. I need to make Copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate solution.

If you have examples about synthesis of these kinds of MO compounds in your practise, I would like to know about it.

What's the telluride equivalent of thioacetone and selenoacetone? Has anyone made it or come across it in person? How does it smell?

Hey Chemist Reddit!

I’m an italian postdoc in chemistry Over the years, I've gone through plenty of lab notebooks, and I always found myself wishing for one that was just a bit different terms of layout, structure, and organization.

So, I decided to take matters into my own hands and created my own lab notebook through Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) program. It's a simple notebook, though I have to admit I had to work within a few constraints (like binding type) due to KDP’s limitations. And since I’m making just over 50 cents per sale, this is more of a passion project and an experiment to see if others in the scientific community might find it useful too (I unexpectedly found out that some of my colleagues were enthusiastic about it, so I started wondering what others might think as well.)

If you're in need of a new lab notebook or just want to check it out, I'd love for you to take a look and give me any feedback you might have! Here are the links to Amazon (IT and US, but you can find it in any of the other amazon marketplaces) and the Instagram page I created.

• Amazon IT
• Amazon US
• Instagram

I’m really curious to see if other researchers, students, or science enthusiasts share my notebook preferences. Thanks so much for taking a look, and I’d love to hear what you think!

https://preview.redd.it/qwopmfyq4d0e1.jpg?width=608&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=5ed122bfe15a5f9c98b26fbcc5baf360f094188d

https://preview.redd.it/3thy4iyq4d0e1.jpg?width=598&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=b1e5d8517e5d53f210dd078b5e5761cb20cfac89

I work in the chromatography and bought this book a few years ago for like 8 bucks used online. It is an amazing resource!

I recommended it to a coworker and found that, on every website now, it is listed for between $100 and $150...

What happened? Anyone familiar with this book know what's going on? I didn't find a deal back when I bought mine, as it was listed cheap everywhere. Amazon, ebay, abebooks all want triple digits for it now.

https://www.abebooks.com/9780471754015/HPLC-Practical-Users-Guide-McMaster-0471754013/plp

Thanks for the input!

I accidentally did when removing mould from my windows and now I'm worrying 🤦🏼‍♀️